Understanding Climate: Gifts from the Nile

The Nile has given not only material gifts to Egypt and the world, but also intellectual gifts to science, especially to geoscience. The Nile still has much to teach science—especially about climatology, as it reflects climatic behaviors over vast areas in tropical and subtropical zones. These climatic behaviors have been documented across time with some of its extraordinarily long records surviving to present day. The records provide insights to the perpetual change of climate and support quantification of change in a stochastic framework.