Temporal evolution of the electric energy mix in Greece: From development to dependence

The technology of electricity arrived in Greece in 1889, with power generation relying on lignite, hydroelectric projects, and oil. Until 1950, private units supplied cities without an extensive grid. In 1950, the Public Power Corporation (PPC) was established, absorbing private companies and building units and networks. Viewing electricity as a social good, PPC electrified remote areas at low prices, contributing to development. The EU's neoliberal policy brought privatizations, including in the energy market. In 1999, the energy market was liberalized, and PPC was privatized. Subsequently, private natural gas and wind energy units emerged, while in 2012-13, the share of photovoltaics in the energy mix surged. The energy exchange, that followed, caused distortions and losses for PPC. The year 2050 is the final year referenced in the National Energy and Climate Plan (Ministry of Environment and Energy, 2024). The plan outlines the evolution of the energy mix over the next 25 years. Studying this evolution reveals long-term policies aimed at turning a social good into a commodity. Today, the country's dependence on imported fuels and the commodification of energy have led to high prices that harm the population. Unfortunately, the future looks bleak, as the National Plan foreshadows policies that will make the situation even more unfavorable.