Optimal siting of offshore wind parks through visibility analysis

Offshore wind farms are experiencing a rapid global growth and are expected to play a significant role in energy production the upcoming years, thereby boosting the global transition towards innovative renewable energy sources. The present study focuses on the analysis of offshore wind projects and consequently on the spatial planning of offshore wind farms in the Greek maritime area. The aim is to highlight Greece’s significant advantages in terms of its high wind potential, its geographical location, and the extensive marine areas, in relation to the prospects of offshore wind development. Through a multi-criteria analysis, natural factors (wind, water depth, seabed morphology), technical parameters (infrastructure, distance from the grid), environmental considerations (protected areas, migratory bird routes, tourism), and socio-economic aspects (shipping, fishing areas) are taken into account in order to identify the most suitable zones for installation. Within the framework of offshore wind farm siting in Greek territorial waters, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are employed through a combined use of geospatial data and thematic information layers. The use of GIS enables the integration and evaluation of all criteria, providing a systematic and reliable basis for decision-making in energy planning. Subsequently, with the application of viewshed analysis, the visual impact of the projects on the landscape and coastal zone is assessed. The results of the study reveal a wide range of areas with significant potential for offshore wind development in Greece, contributing to energy autonomy, diversification of the energy mix, and achieving the green transition targets. For the purpose of practical implementation, the case of Crete is examined, where all potential areas are investigated and, ultimately, the most suitable site is studied in depth. The study demonstrates that rational spatial planning through GIS and the integration of viewshed analysis constitute essential tools for the strategic design of large-scale projects, enhancing sustainable development and social acceptance.