Self-Sufficiency and Resilience Techniques-Methods of storing Renewable Energy Sources (RES) on a Small Scale

This work investigates pathways toward energy self-sufficiency and system resilience through the deployment of small-scale renewable energy storage solutions, emphasizing the pivotal role of storage in safeguarding the stability, reliability, and operational flexibility of contemporary energy systems. A systematic classification and in-depth technical assessment of storage technologies is provided, encompassing mechanical and gravity based systems (including pumped hydro storage, Gravitricity technology, and the StEnSea concept), thermal energy storage options (such as sand-based storage, molten salts, water reservoirs, and phase change materials – PCMs), as well as advanced and emerging approaches including cryogenic storage, magnetic storage, and the innovative “electric cement” (ec³) concept of MIT. Building upon this theoretical framework, the study develops a practical case analysis for a mountainous settlement, proposing a decentralized hybrid energy configuration that integrates photovoltaic generation with gravity-based and thermal storage. The results demonstrate that a carefully optimized combination of storage technologies can deliver high levels of energy autonomy, enhanced operational robustness, and long-term techno-economic feasibility.