N. Mamassis, S. Chrisoulaki, Aim. Bedenmaxer-Gerousis, T. Evangelou , P. Koutis, G. Peppas, P. Defteraios, N. Zarkadoulas, D. Koutsoyiannis, and E. Griva, Representing the operation and evolution of ancient Piraeus’ water supply system, Water History, doi:10.1007/s12685-022-00299-7, May 2022.
The newly excavated urban water supply system of the city of ancient Piraeus provides an excellent opportunity for the study and evaluation of the issues of sustainability, adaptability, simplicity and environmental protection, which are of main concern in modern engineering design practices. Well-digging in the area of Pireaus dates back to the city’ founding during the Classical period. However, scarcity of groundwaters stimulated development of water harvesting techniques, mainly cisterns for the collection of rain water, and to the gradual increase of their capacity in order to avoid overflows. Changes to land plot areas and the increase in water demand during the Hellenistic period affected the operation of cisterns triggering a variety of subterranean constructions that expanded the existing capacity. During the Roman period, the city’s water needs for domestic and public use skyrocketed beyond the supply capacity of the water resources of the Piraeus’ peninsula. On account of this, an aqueduct which transferred water from outside the peninsula was constructed in the 2nd century AD, while cisterns and wells were gradually abandoned. The present paper examines the operation of ancient Piraeus’ urban water supply system and its evolution across nine centuries by studying the operation and evolution of cisterns through a combination of excavation finds (from the Ephorate of Antiquities of Piraeus and the Islands) and quantitative techniques. Water consumption during several historical periods and the available water resources of the peninsula were quantified and a hydrologic model was developed to simulate the daily operation of the cisterns over an 82-year period. Various circumstances were examined by running numerous scenarios for the: (a) magnitude of collecting area, (b) annual water demand, and (c) capacity of the cisterns. For each scenario, the reliability of the hydro-system for supplying residences with water was estimated. Simulation results were then correlated with specific socio-economic characteristics of the corresponding historical periods.
Additional material:
N. Mamassis, S. Moustakas, and N. Zarkadoulas, Representing the operation of ancient reclamation works at Lake Copais in Greece, Water History, doi:10.1007/s12685-015-0126-x, 2015.
Water has been playing a vital role in Greeks’ life during their long history. Ancient Greek societies were very active towards water management, having presented an impressive variety of hydraulic works. The main purpose of this paper is to represent the operation of one of the most ancients and extended hydraulic works. The drainage project of Lake Copais (is located in Central Greece) was developed and operated by Minyans, a powerful Mycenaean race. Minyans, partially diverted two large rivers which fed the lake. The water was conveyed towards labyrinthine natural sinkholes, which were formed in limestone terrain. Through sinkholes the water slowly discharged to the sea. This impressive ancient water management system of Copais has gained the attention of many scientists and has been extensively studied by archaeologists and engineers. Still important questions exist about the way that the hydrosystem worked. Trying to provide some reliable answers, we have attempted to study the Minyans’ interventions to hydrosystem, from a hydraulics engineers’ perspective. All the available archeological, hydrological and geological information of the area was used, to evaluate the operation of the hydrosystem. The main elements of the hydrosystem, are presented here and their purpose is examined. For this, (i) a water balance model was developed and (ii) the hydrosystem was simulated using synthetic time series of the hydrological processes. Several operational cases were examined in order to define critical parameters of the system, such as the Copais’ water level variation and the water accumulation at the sinkholes’ area. The analysis reveals some significant factors, which were combined with the archaeological findings, to lead us to some interesting conclusions for hydrosystem’s performance.
Full text: http://www.itia.ntua.gr/en/getfile/1539/1/documents/Copais_WH10_9_14.pdf (1516 KB)
E. Kountouri, N. Petrochilos, N. Liaros, V. Oikonomou, D. Koutsoyiannis, N. Mamassis, N. Zarkadoulas, A. Vött, H. Hadler, P. Henning, and T. Willershäuser, The Mycenaean drainage works of north Kopais, Greece: a new project incorporating surface surveys, geophysical research and excavation, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13 (3), 710–718, doi:10.2166/ws.2013.110, 2013.
The attempt to drain the Kopais Lake was one of the most impressive and ambitious technical works of prehistoric times in Greece, inspiring myths and traditions referring to its construction and operation. The impressive remnants of the Mycenaean hydraulic works represent the most important land reclamation effort during prehistoric Greek antiquity, thus attracting the attention of the international scientific community. Nevertheless, in spite of the minor or extended contemporary surveys, the picture of the prehistoric drainage works in Kopais has remained ambiguous. Concerning the function of these works and their precise date within the Bronze Age, the proposed theories were based solely on indications from surface survey; data stemming from archaeological or geophysical research methods have been largely neglected. A new interdisciplinary project focusing on the interpretation of the Mycenaean drainage works of Kopais has been established and paper presents the results of thefirst study season.
Additional material:
See also: http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.110
Works that cite this document: View on Google Scholar or ResearchGate
Other works that reference this work (this list might be obsolete):
| 1. | Voudouris, K. S., Y. Christodoulakos, F. Steiakakis and A. N. Angelakis, Hydrogeological characteristics of Hellenic aqueducts-like Qanats, Water, 5, 1326-1345, 2013. |
D. Koutsoyiannis, N. Zarkadoulas, A. N. Angelakis, and G. Tchobanoglous, Urban water management in Ancient Greece: Legacies and lessons, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management - ASCE, 134 (1), 45–54, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2008)134:1(45), 2008.
The evolution of urban water management in ancient Greece, beginning in Crete during the early Minoan period, resulted in a variety of remarkable developments in both the mainland and islands of Greece. Important developments include the implementation of hygienic living standards, advanced hydraulic technologies for water transportation, constructions for flood and sediment control, and sustainable urban water management practices, which can be compared to modern day practices. The evolution of water management was also related to the socio-political conditions. During oligarchic periods the emphasis was on the construction of large-scale hydraulic projects, whereas in democratic periods the focus of water management was on sustainable small scale, safe and cost efficient management practices, and institutional arrangements related to both the private and the public sectors. Such practices and institutions are relevant even today, as the water related problems of modern societies are not very different from those in antiquity.
Additional material:
See also: http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2008)134:1(45)
Works that cite this document: View on Google Scholar or ResearchGate
Other works that reference this work (this list might be obsolete):
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| 10. | #Mays, L. W., Lessons from the Ancients on water resources sustainability, In Ancient Water Technologies, edited by L. W. Mays, 217-239, Springer, Dordrecht, 2010. |
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| 16. | Stergiouli, M. L., and K. Hadjibiros, The growing water imprint of Athens (Greece) throughout history, Regional Environmental Change, 12 (2), 337-345, 2012. |
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| 23. | #Mays, L. W., M. Sklivaniotis and A. N. Angelakis, Water for human consumption through history, Ch. 2 in Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia (A. N. Angelakis, L. W. Mays, D. Koutsoyiannis and N. Mamassis, eds.), 19-42, IWA Publishing, London, 2012. |
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| 26. | #De Feo, G., P. Laureano, L. W. Mays and A. N. Angelakis, Water supply management technologies in the Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, Ch. 14 in Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia (A. N. Angelakis, L. W. Mays, D. Koutsoyiannis and N. Mamassis, eds.), 351-382, IWA Publishing, London, 2012. |
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| 28. | #Angelakis, A. N., Water supply and sewerage in Minoan Crete: lessons and legacies, Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Conference of EYE-EEDYP "Integrated Water Resources Management for Sustainable Development" (Ed.: P. Giannopoulos and A. Dimas), 509-518, Patras, Greece, 2012. |
| 29. | #Angelakis , A. N., G. De Feo , P. Laureano and A. Zourou, Minoan and Etruscan water and wastewater technologies: approaches and lessons learned, e-Proceedings of IWA Congress & Exhibition, Bussan, Korea, September 16-21, 2012. |
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| 33. | Angelakis , A. N., G. De Feo , P. Laureano and A. Zourou, Minoan and Etruscan hydro-technologies, Water, 5, 972-987, 10.3390/w5030972, 2013. |
| 34. | Angelakis, A.N., and S.V. Spyridakis, Major urban water and wastewater systems in Minoan Crete, Greece, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13 (3), 564-573, 2013. |
| 35. | Parise, M., A. Marangella, P. Maranò, M. Sammarco and G. Sannicola, Collecting, transporting and storing water in karst settings of southern Italy: Some lessons learned from ancient hydraulic systems, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13 (3), 674-682, 2013. |
| 36. | Katsifarakis,K. L., and I. Avgoloupis, A new approach to the description of a Babylonian hydraulic work by Herodotus, The Classical Quarterly, 63 (02), 888 – 891, 2013. |
| 37. | De Feo, G., A. N. Angelakis, G. P. Antoniou, F. El-Gohary, B. Haut, C. W. Passchier and X. Y. Zheng, Historical and technical notes on aqueducts from prehistoric to medieval times, Water, 5, 1996-2025, 2013. |
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| 39. | da Silva Leal Veloso, N., and R. L. Rodrigues Mendes, Aproveitamento da Água da Chuva na Amazônia: Experiências nas Ilhas de Belém/PA, Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, 19 (1), 229-242, 2014. |
| 40. | #Angelakis, A. Ν., Evolution of Fountains through the Centuries in Crete, Hellas, IWA Regional Symposium on Water, Wastewater & Environment: Traditions & Culture (ed. by I. K. Kalavrouziotis and A. N. Angelakis), Patras, Greece, 591-604, International Water Association & Hellenic Open University, 2014. |
| 41. | #Sazakli, E., E. Sazaklie and M. Leotsinidis, Rainwater exploitation: from ancient Greeks to modern times, IWA Regional Symposium on Water, Wastewater & Environment: Traditions & Culture (ed. by I. K. Kalavrouziotis and A. N. Angelakis), Patras, Greece, 653-661, International Water Association & Hellenic Open University, 2014. |
| 42. | #Azina, P., and N. Kathijotes, Historical development of urban sanitation and wastewater management in Cyprus, IWA Regional Symposium on Water, Wastewater & Environment: Traditions & Culture (ed. by I. K. Kalavrouziotis and A. N. Angelakis), Patras, Greece, 871-879, International Water Association & Hellenic Open University, 2014. |
| 43. | Ilias, A., A. Panoras and A. Angelakis, Wastewater recycling in Greece: The case of Thessaloniki, Sustainability, 6 (5), 2876-2892, 2014. |
| 44. | De Feo, G., G. Antoniou, H. F. Fardin, F. El-Gohary X. Y. Zheng, I. Reklaityte, D.Butler, S. Yannopoulos and A. N. Angelakis, The historical development of sewers worldwide, Sustainability, 6 (6), 3936-3974, 2014. |
| 45. | Sarvan, D., Pravo navodu kao povijesno nasljede čovječanstva, Hrvatske Vode, 22 (88), 131-140, 2014. |
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| 47. | Öziş, U., A. Atalay and Y. Özdemir, Hydraulic capacity of ancient water conveyance systems to Ephesus, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 14 (6), 1010-1017, 2014. |
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| 50. | #Azina, P., and N. Kathijotes, The history of the development of urban sanitation and wastewater technologies in Cyprus, Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries, ed. by A.N. Angelakis and J.B. Rose, 191-207, IWA Publishing, London, 2014. |
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| 53. | #Angelakis, A. N., G. Antoniou, K. Voudouris, N. Kazakis, and N. Dalezios, History of floods in Greece: Causes and measures for protection, 5th IWA International Symposium on Water and Wastewater Technologies in Ancient Civilizations: Evolution of Technologies from Prehistory to Modern Times, Dead Sea, Jordan, 2019. |
| 54. | Angelakis, A. N., G. Antoniou, K. Voudouris, N. Kazakis, N. Delazios, and N. Dercas, History of floods in Greece: causes and measures for protection, Natural Hazards, doi:10.1007/s11069-020-03898-w, 2020. |
D. Koutsoyiannis, N. Zarkadoulas, N. Mamassis, A. N. Angelakis, and L.W. Mays, The evolution of water supply throughout the millennia: A short overview, Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia, edited by A. N. Angelakis, L.W. Mays, D. Koutsoyiannis, and N. Mamassis, 21, 553–560, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2541.8485, IWA Publishing, London, 2012.
Additional material:
See also: http://books.google.gr/books?id=WxXu83RxSNwC&pg=PA553&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
N. Zarkadoulas, D. Koutsoyiannis, N. Mamassis, and A. N. Angelakis, A brief history of urban water management in ancient Greece, Evolution of Water Supply Through the Millennia, edited by A. N. Angelakis, L.W. Mays, D. Koutsoyiannis, and N. Mamassis, 10, 259–270, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4114.7127, IWA Publishing, London, 2012.
Additional material:
See also: http://books.google.gr/books?id=WxXu83RxSNwC&pg=PA259&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false
Works that cite this document: View on Google Scholar or ResearchGate
Other works that reference this work (this list might be obsolete):
| 1. | #Mithen, S., Thirst for Water and Power in the Ancient World, 384 pp., Harvard University Press, 2012. |
| 2. | Voudouris, K. S., Y. Christodoulakos, F. Steiakakis and A. N. Angelakis, Hydrogeological characteristics of Hellenic aqueducts-like Qanats, Water, 5, 1326-1345, 2013. |
| 3. | De Feo, G., A. N. Angelakis, G. P. Antoniou, F. El-Gohary, B. Haut, C. W. Passchier and X. Y. Zheng, Historical and technical notes on aqueducts from prehistoric to medieval times, Water, 5, 1996-2025, 2013. |
| 4. | Smith, M. L., The archaeology of urban landscapes, Annual Review of Anthropology, 43, 307-323, 2014. |
| 5. | Angelakis, A. N., G. Antoniou, K. Voudouris, N. Kazakis, N. Delazios, and N. Dercas, History of floods in Greece: causes and measures for protection, Natural Hazards, doi:10.1007/s11069-020-03898-w, 2020. |
E. Kountouri, N. Petrochilos, D. Koutsoyiannis, N. Mamassis, N. Zarkadoulas, A. Vött, H. Hadler, P. Henning, and T. Willershäuser, A new project of surface survey, geophysical and excavation research of the mycenaean drainage works of the North Kopais: the first study season, 3rd IWA Specialized Conference on Water & Wastewater Technologies in Ancient Civilizations, Istanbul, Turkey, 467–476, doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.2328.8563, International Water Association, 2012.
The attempt to drain the Kopais Lake is one of the most impressive and ambitious technical works of prehistoric times in Greece. The size and the importance of this achievement inspired myths and traditions referring to its construction and operation, as well as to its final destruction, which is attributed to Heracles. The impressive remnants of the Mycenaean hydraulic works that were discovered represent the most important land reclamation effort, of prehistoric Greek antiquity, attracting thus the attention of the international scientific community. Nevertheless, in spite of the minor or extended surveys that followed, the picture of the prehistoric drainage works in Kopais remained ambiguous, since the proposed theories as far as it concerns their function and their precise date within the Bronze Age, were based solely on indications from the surface survey and not on documentation depending upon archaeological or geophysical methods. The new project with an interdisciplinary approach and interpretation of the Mycenaean drainage works of Kopais, is conducted by the Greek Ministry of Culture and Tourism in collaboration with the Department of Water Resources and the Environmental Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens and the Institute of Geography of the University of Mainz. The results of the first study season will be presented here.
Full text: http://www.itia.ntua.gr/en/getfile/1204/1/documents/2012WWTAC_Copais.pdf (1012 KB)
See also: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2328.8563
Other works that reference this work (this list might be obsolete):
| 1. | #Petropoulos, M., The cult and the use of water in Ancient Greece with emphasis the ancient city Patras, IWA Regional Symposium on Water, Wastewater & Environment: Traditions & Culture (ed. by I. K. Kalavrouziotis and A. N. Angelakis), Patras, Greece, 14-26, International Water Association & Hellenic Open University, 2014. |
| 2. | Giannakos, K., The technology of land reclamation, drainage and irrigation projects in MBA–LBA Greece and possible implications, Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia, 4, 68-78, 2015. |
D. Koutsoyiannis, N. Mamassis, A. Efstratiadis, N. Zarkadoulas, and Y. Markonis, Floods in Greece, Changes of Flood Risk in Europe, edited by Z. W. Kundzewicz, Chapter 12, 238–256, IAHS Press, Wallingford – International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 2012.
The flood regime in Greece is investigated, from the early past to modern years. Large-scale floods, mainly due to deglaciation processes (also known as palaeofloods), together with earthquakes and volcanoes, are the major mechanisms that formed the current diverse Greek terrain. The influence of these impressive phenomena is reflected in some ancient myths, also reflecting earlier efforts of flood control and management. The struggle of humans against the destructive power of floods is further testified by several structures revealed by archaeological research. In modern times, the dramatic change of the demographic and socio-economic conditions made imperative the construction of large-scale water projects, which in turn resulted in large-scale environmental changes. The consequences of these practices, both positive and negative, are discussed, with regard to the problem of floods in Greece.
Additional material:
See also: http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780203098097/
Other works that reference this work (this list might be obsolete):
| 1. | #Kundzewicz, Z. W., Introduction, Changes of Flood Risk in Europe, IAHS-AISH Publication, (SPEC. ISS. 10), (ed. Z. W. Kundzewicz), 1-7, 2012. |
| 2. | Mentzafou, A. and Dimitriou, E.: Flood risk assessment for a heavily modified urban stream, Proc. IAHS, 366, 147-148, 10.5194/piahs-366-147-2015, 2015. |
| 3. | Karagiorgos, K., M. Heiser, T. Thaler, J. Hübl, and S. Fuchs, Micro-sized enterprises: vulnerability to flash floods, Natural Hazards, 84(2), 1091–1107, doi:10.1007/s11069-016-2476-9, 2016. |
| 4. | #Sevastas, S., I. Siarkos, N. Theodossiou, I. Ifadis, and K. Kaffas, Comparing hydrological models built upon open access and/or measured data in a GIS environment, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Environmental Management, Engineering, Planning & Economics, 377-386, Thessaloniki, 2017. |
| 5. | Veal, R. J., The politics and economics of ancient forests: Timber and fuel as levers of Greco-Roman control, Economie et inégalité: Ressources, échanges et pouvoir dans l'Antiquité classique, 63(8), 317-367, doi :10.17863/CAM.13218, 2017. |
| 6. | Diakakis, M., G. Deligiannakis, K. Katsetsiadou, Z. Antoniadis, and M. Melaki, Mapping and classification of direct flood impacts in the complex conditions of an urban environment: The case study of the 2014 flood in Athens, Greece, Urban Water Journal, 14(10), 1065-1074, doi:10.1080/1573062X.2017.1363247, 2017. |
| 7. | #Karatzas, S., D. Chondrogiani, and P. Saranti, Intelligent sustainable urban drainage systems (I-SUDS): A framework for flood mitigation and rainwater reuse, Fifth International Conference on Small and Descentralised Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants, Thessaloniki, 2018. |
| 8. | #Angelakis, A. N., G. Antoniou, K. Voudouris, N. Kazakis, and N. Dalezios, History of floods in Greece: Causes and measures for protection, 5th IWA International Symposium on Water and Wastewater Technologies in Ancient Civilizations: Evolution of Technologies from Prehistory to Modern Times, Dead Sea, Jordan, 2019. |
| 9. | Angelakis, A. N., G. Antoniou, K. Voudouris, N. Kazakis, N. Delazios, and N. Dercas, History of floods in Greece: causes and measures for protection, Natural Hazards, 101, 833–852, doi:10.1007/s11069-020-03898-w, 2020. |
| 10. | Koukouvelas, I. K., D. J. W. Piper, D. Katsonopoulou, N. Kontopoulos, S. Verroios, K. Nikolakopoulos, and V. Zygouri, Earthquake-triggered landslides and mudflows: Was this the wave that engulfed Ancient Helike? The Holocene, 30(12), 1653-1668, doi:10.1177/0959683620950389, 2020. |
| 11. | Mazza, A., Waterscape and floods management of Greek Selinus: The Cottone River Valley, Open Archaeology, 7(1), 1066-1090, doi:10.1515/opar-2020-0172, 2021. |
| 12. | Skoulikaris C., Run-of-river small hydropower pants as hydro-resilience assets against climate change, Sustainability, 13(24), 14001, doi:10.3390/su132414001, 2021. |
| 13. | Graninger, C. D., Environmental change in a sacred landscape: The Thessalian Peloria, Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, 9(1), 87-92, doi:10.14795/j.v9i1.698, 2022. |
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S.M. Papalexiou, and N. Zarkadoulas, The trendy trends: a fashion or a science story?, European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2009, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 11, Vienna, 8422-2, European Geosciences Union, 2009.
The Nobelist physicist Niels Bohr once said that prediction is very difficult, especially if it is about the future. Nowadays, the scene has changed. It seems that since the scientific community accepted, in its majority, that the earth's climate is rapidly changing, an opinion that also echoes in public, scientists all over the world have identified significant trends in many climate related processes e.g. global temperature, rainfall, river discharges, ice melting etc. Furthermore, if we adopt the suggested trends in those natural processes and their future projections we should expect a horrifying future. But is that so? How consistent and scientifically sound are these trend based scenarios? A trend in its most common form can be expressed as a linear regression line fitted to an observed sample of the natural process under investigation. In addition, the decision of whether or not a trend is significant is based on inferences regarding the regression line coefficients. However, classical statistics inferences of the regression line coefficients assume normal and independent data, assumptions that are generally not valid in natural processes. Particularly, while the assumption of normality may hold in some cases, it is well documented that natural processes exhibit a great variety of autocorrelation structures, exponential or power type, and thus the assumption of independently distributed data is violated. In this study, we investigate based on Monte Carlo simulations the effect of different autocorrelation structures in the inferences of the trend line significance. We demonstrate that trends considered as significant in a classical statistics framework are actually insignificant if autocorrelation structures are incorporated.
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N. Zarkadoulas, D. Koutsoyiannis, N. Mamassis, and S.M. Papalexiou, Climate, water and health in ancient Greece, European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2008, Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 10, Vienna, 12006, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.31757.95207, European Geosciences Union, 2008.
In contrast to earlier ancient civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus) that flourished in water-abundant environments (large river valleys), ancient Greeks preferred to establish their settlements in dry, water-scarce sites. It seems to be a paradox that all major Greek cities during the several phases of the Greek civilization that lasted for millennia, were established in those areas that had the minimal rainfall across the continental and insular Greece. Although there exist some medium-scale rivers and lakes in Greece, there has been no major city close to them in Greek antiquity. It can be argued that in such choices, climate and health have been the main criteria: dry climates are generally more convenient to live and healthier as they protect the population from water-related diseases. The progress in Greek civilization has been closely connected to hygienic living standards and a comfortable lifestyle. To achieve these, both technological infrastructures and management solutions were developed. In Crete, hygienic technologies were practiced as early as in the Minoan period of the island (3500-1200 BC) and were followed in several other cases in mainland Greece and the Aegean islands. The technological frame created comprised: (a) bathrooms, toilets (resembling modern day ones with flushing devices) and other sanitary facilities; (b) urban wastewater management systems; and (c) underground aqueducts that ensure superior water quality and safety against pollution and sabotage. The importance attached to the hygienic use of water in ancient Greece is highlighted in the case of Athens, a city established in one of the driest places of Greece. The entire Peisistratean aqueduct (6th century BC), which transferred water from the Hymettos Mountain to the city center, was constructed as an underground channel. There were bathrooms, latrines and other sanitary facilities, both public and private. Finally, an extended wastewater management network connected every single building of the Athenian Agora to the so-called Great Drain. The whole infrastructure can only be compared to modern hygienic water systems, reestablished in Europe and North America from the second half of the nineteenth century AD.
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See also: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31757.95207
Other works that reference this work (this list might be obsolete):
| 1. | Founda, D., and C. Giannakopoulos, The exceptionally hot summer of 2007 in Athens, Greece—A typical summer in the future climate?, Global and Planetary Change, 67(3-4), 227-236, 2009. |
| 2. | #Parise, M., Underground aqueducts: A first preliminary bibliography around the world, Proceedings 3rd IWA Specialized Conference on Water & Wastewater Technologies in Ancient Civilizations, Istanbul, Turkey, 65-72, 2012. |
| 3. | #Antoniou, G. P., G. Lyberatos, E. I. Kanetaki, A. Kaiafa, K. Voudouris and A. N. Angelakis, History of urban wastewater and stormwater sanitation technologies in Hellas, Evolution of Sanitation and Wastewater Technologies through the Centuries, ed. by A.N. Angelakis and J.B. Rose, 99-146, IWA Publishing, London, 2014. |
N. Mamassis, P. Defteraios, N. Zarkadoulas, and D. Koutsoyiannis, Research on water supply of ancient Piraeus-Representation of ancient cisterns operation, 16 pages, doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.11392.64000, 15 May 2015.
Full text: http://www.itia.ntua.gr/en/getfile/1550/1/documents/Pres_cist_5_14_fin.pdf (2543 KB)